Research hotspots and theme analysis of infection management in operating room based on Nvivo software.

Objective To analyze the research hotspots and theme in the field of infection prevention and control（infection control) management in operating room in recent six years in China, so as to provide reference for further research on infection control management in operating room. Methods The articles related to infection control management in operating room published in China National Knowledge Infrastructure（CNKI), Wanfang and VIP databases from 2015 to 2021 were selected as the research objects, and Nvivo software query, coding and cluster analysis were adopted as the main methods to visually present the research hotspots and theme groups in the field of infection management in operating rooms. Results A total of 128 literatures with 30 high-frequency keywords were included. After free coding, 8 parent nodes, 28 child nodes, 60 secondary nodes and 1 736 coding reference points were formed. Six theme groups had been formed, which were the guidelines for infection control of COVID-19 infection, construction and management of clean operating rooms, management of relevant personnel in operating rooms, management of surgical supplies, operating room environment control, theoretical support and occupational exposure control. Conclusion The research content related to infection control management in operating rooms is becoming increasingly mature, and is constantly improving in line with the development of the times. The research direction and theory are also showing a trend of diversification. In response to the huge challenge of COVID-19 situation, it is supposed to preparing for surgery protection in general hospitals actively, ensure the safety of patients and medical staff, and prevent hospital infection events. (English) [ FROM AUTHOR] 目的 分析国内近6年手术室感染预防和控制(感控)管理领域的研究热点和主题内容, 为手 术室感控管理的进一步研究提供借鉴。方法 选取2015-2021年中国知网、万方和维普等数据库刊出的手术 室感控管理相关内容的期刊论文作为研究对象, 主要采用 Nvivo软件查询、编码、聚类分析等研究方法, 以可视 化方式呈现手术室感控管理领域的研究热点和主题类团。结果 共纳入128篇文献, 30个高频关键词;经自由 编码形成8个树状节点、28个子节点、60个次节点、1736个编码参考点;形成6个主题类团, 分别为新型冠状 病毒(新冠病毒)感染疫情感染防控指引、洁净手术室建设与管理、手术室相关人员管理、手术用品管理、手术室 环境管控、理论支持与职业暴露管控。结论 手术室感控管理相关研究内容日渐成熟, 且紧扣时代发展不断完 善, 研究方向和理论也呈多元化趋势。在应对新冠病毒感染疫情的巨大挑战下积极做好综合医院的手术防护 准备工作, 保障患者和医务人员安全, 防止医院内感染事件的发生。 (Chinese) [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Modern Medicine & Health is the property of Journal of Modern Medicine & Health and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

Best practices for building faculty presence and student engagement

At first, the pandemic caught the world off-guard, and then the rate of change to innovate did not give many the time needed to adapt. With physical distance added to the equation of the new normal, higher education might never look the same again. For many of us, this means teaching through a new medium, higher dependence on technology, delivering live lectures to students who hide behind turned-off cameras, decreased participation, and higher performance anxiety. The new normal makes us wonder how to lead our students during these unprecedented times;how to create an active faculty presence in the courses that we teach remotely or online;and how to build student engagement without adding to the performance anxiety. This chapter aims to answer all these questions considering the practices that have repeatedly helped me establish my presence and outstanding student engagement during these unprecedented times of COVID-19. These involve the use of audio visual tools, breakout rooms, short lectures, content update, classroom games, social media and faculty branding. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021. All rights reserved.

Metrics of efficient use of operating rooms during the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic

Introduction: the COVID-19 pandemic has induced a transformation in the way hospitals function, causing a decrease in the time and efforts dedicated to surgical activity, which in turn has caused delays in the surgery schedule of most hospitals. This represents a major public health problem, significantly compromising the principle of equity that inspires public health systems throughout the world. To address this problem, it would be of the utmost importance to put in place initiatives to measure and improve surgical efficiency. Objective: evaluate indicators of efficiency in the use of operating rooms during the COVID-19 pandemic. Material and methods: a descriptive, longitudinal retrospective study was conducted on 3554 patients scheduled for surgery during a one-year period of the COVID-19 pandemic. Indicators of efficiency in they use of operating rooms were measured. The data was processed using SPSS v-25.0. Results: a total of 3,554 surgeries were scheduled, 1,309 of them emergency surgeries, 1,979 elective surgeries, and 266 deferred surgeries. The following parameters were estimated: Starting time of the procedure (42.32 ± 37.04 min);opportunity for emergency surgeries (104.69 ± 102.55 min);starting time of anesthesia (10.11 ± 9.85 min);starting time of surgery (40.03 ± 24.68 min);time of admission to post-anesthesia care unit/intensive care unit (PACU/ICU) (15.35 ± 29.94 min);turnover or replacement time (177.97 ± 174.33 min);active surgery time (27.70%). Conclusions: the COVID-19 pandemic negatively impacted the indicators of efficient use of operating rooms, posing new challenges for the management and organization of surgical work. (English) [ FROM AUTHOR] Introducción: la pandemia por COVID-19 ha emplazado una transformación hospitalaria, esto acarreó un decremento de la actividad quirúrgica e implicó un aplazamiento en la programación, lo que representó un problema, ya que comprometió sensiblemente el principio de equidad que inspira a los sistemas sanitarios. Así, resultó imperativa la implementación de iniciativas para medir y mejorar la eficiencia quirúrgica. Objetivo: medir los indicadores de uso eficiente del quirófano durante la pandemia por COVID-19. Material y métodos: se realizó un análisis descriptivo, longitudinal y retrospectivo en 3,554 pacientes programados para cirugía, durante la pandemia en un período de un año, además se midieron los indicadores de uso eficiente del quirófano. Los datos fueron procesados en SPSS v-25.0. Resultados: se programaron 3,554 cirugías, 1,309 urgencias, 1,979 electivas, 266 diferidas. Se estimó un tiempo de inicio del procedimiento 42.32 ± 37.04 min, oportunidad para urgencias quirúrgicas 104.69 ± 102.55 min, tiempo de inicio de anestesia 10.11 ± 9.85 min, tiempo de inicio de cirugía 40.03 ± 24.68 min, tiempo para la admisión en la unidad de cuidados postanestésicos/unidad de terapia intensiva (UCPA/UTI) 15.35 ± 29.94 min, tiempo de rotación o recambio 177.97 ± 174.33 min y tiempo quirúrgico activo 27.70%. Conclusiones: la pandemia por COVID-19 impactó negativamente en los indicadores de uso eficiente del quirófano, lo que implicará nuevos retos en la gestión y organización de la jornada quirúrgica para su mejora. (Spanish) [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Anestesiologia is the property of Colegio Mexicano de Anestesiologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

Innovation, Collaboration and Wine Tourism in Canada's Okanagan Valley: The British Columbia Beverage Technology Access Centre

Wine tourism is an important component of the wine industry in Canada's Okanagan Valley. This chapter discusses the role of the federally funded British Columbia Beverage Technology Access Centre in assisting small to medium enterprises in the development of their wine tourism business specifically and their sustainability in general. The chapter identifies and discusses the benefits and challenges faced by public organizations in collaborating with private sector operators. It also discusses the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the operation of wine tourism in the Valley and how the Centre has responded to this major impact. Finally, the chapter also discusses the interaction between Okanagan College, the Centre's primary sponsor, its faculty and students with the wine industry including the ways in which this interaction has benefitted wine tourism in the region. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023.

Productivity and creativity triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic and new technologies

THE ESSENCE OF THE HUMANITIES One of the key components determining the entire field of the humanities consists of teaching critical thinking expressed orally and in writing. [...]whatever literary works or languages we work with, ultimately the purpose proves to be to lay the foundation for cultural competence, linguistic skills, research abilities, and writing skills for a constantly changing world. The exchange via online writing thus proved to be a highly innovative method of studying, demanding a high level of concentration and involvement from the professor and the students. Since we emphasize in the humanities in general and in German studies in particular writing skills, this method was successful. Teaching a literature course in German at an upper level via such a chat room proved to be challenging at first, but then it was highly productive because of the intensive writing activities by students and the instructor. Top Hat is also highly useful for taking attendance (once, twice, or three times per class), for quizzes, and for multiple-choice exams. Since questions can be posted so easily online-also during class meetings-students can also be encouraged to get involved in the teaching process themselves by formulating discussion questions for the entire class.

Conducting educational escape rooms during a global pandemic

PurposeEscape room-based learning is a new educational game-based learning trend which embeds student learning within an exciting escape room scenario. Ordinarily these educational escape rooms are in a table-top format which involves learners decoding clues together around a table. In the age of a global pandemic [coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)] with stringent social distancing and lock-downs, this normal game modality was not possible and so an alternate online approach was required. Thus, this paper aims to study escape room activities during global pandemics.Design/methodology/approachIn this paper, the authors outline how these escape room activities have been taken online, in an synchronous virtual environment and evaluate the student perception of these escape rooms, in contrast to previous cohorts of students who completed escape rooms together in person.FindingsThe authors' results indicate that although students enjoy the escape room game-based learning environment, the remote nature of the activity means the students take longer to solve the puzzles. The students are also more likely to struggle in the activity and find them less engaging than the in-person escape room challenges.Originality/valueAlthough educational escape rooms have been devised for a variety of subjects and can be run through several different modalities (table-top, full rooms and online), this study compares different modalities (online vs table-top) for identical puzzles taken over different cohorts of students.

The phenomenon of online study rooms in the days of COVID-19

Access to physical study rooms to libraries were restricted due to the COVID-19 pandemic declaration. The mandatory confinement and growth experienced on streaming platforms such as Twitch and Discord generated the proliferation of online study rooms. This article presents an exploratory descriptive study as a contribution to the literature on study rooms on streaming platforms. The results reveal that (i) most users discovered online study rooms through their social networks and the increase in users has been progressive since the beginning of the pandemic;(ii) studying is the main activity participants perform during these live transmissions;(iii) survey participants indicated that their productivity, motivation, and concentration increases when using online study rooms. Education is constantly evolving;therefore, the characterization and analysis of this new phenomenon can contribute to the improvement of teaching and learning processes in the face of a pandemic and post-pandemic landscape. © 2023 IEEE.

Research hotspots and theme analysis of infection management in operating room based on Nvivo software

Objective To analyze the research hotspots and theme in the field of infection prevention and control（infection control) management in operating room in recent six years in China, so as to provide reference for further research on infection control management in operating room. Methods The articles related to infection control management in operating room published in China National Knowledge Infrastructure（CNKI), Wanfang and VIP databases from 2015 to 2021 were selected as the research objects, and Nvivo software query, coding and cluster analysis were adopted as the main methods to visually present the research hotspots and theme groups in the field of infection management in operating rooms. Results A total of 128 literatures with 30 high-frequency keywords were included. After free coding, 8 parent nodes, 28 child nodes, 60 secondary nodes and 1 736 coding reference points were formed. Six theme groups had been formed, which were the guidelines for infection control of COVID-19 infection, construction and management of clean operating rooms, management of relevant personnel in operating rooms, management of surgical supplies, operating room environment control, theoretical support and occupational exposure control. Conclusion The research content related to infection control management in operating rooms is becoming increasingly mature, and is constantly improving in line with the development of the times. The research direction and theory are also showing a trend of diversification. In response to the huge challenge of COVID-19 situation, it is supposed to preparing for surgery protection in general hospitals actively, ensure the safety of patients and medical staff, and prevent hospital infection events. (English) [ FROM AUTHOR] 目的 分析国内近6年手术室感染预防和控制(感控)管理领域的研究热点和主题内容, 为手 术室感控管理的进一步研究提供借鉴。方法 选取2015-2021年中国知网、万方和维普等数据库刊出的手术 室感控管理相关内容的期刊论文作为研究对象, 主要采用 Nvivo软件查询、编码、聚类分析等研究方法, 以可视 化方式呈现手术室感控管理领域的研究热点和主题类团。结果 共纳入128篇文献, 30个高频关键词;经自由 编码形成8个树状节点、28个子节点、60个次节点、1736个编码参考点;形成6个主题类团, 分别为新型冠状 病毒(新冠病毒)感染疫情感染防控指引、洁净手术室建设与管理、手术室相关人员管理、手术用品管理、手术室 环境管控、理论支持与职业暴露管控。结论 手术室感控管理相关研究内容日渐成熟, 且紧扣时代发展不断完 善, 研究方向和理论也呈多元化趋势。在应对新冠病毒感染疫情的巨大挑战下积极做好综合医院的手术防护 准备工作, 保障患者和医务人员安全, 防止医院内感染事件的发生。 (Chinese) [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Modern Medicine & Health is the property of Journal of Modern Medicine & Health and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

Key issues and pedagogical implications in the design of Digital Educational Escape rooms

Educational Escape rooms are game-based environments that may involve students of all school orders in engaging learning experiences. COVID- 9 pandemic has increased the proliferation of escape rooms in a digital format whose use appeared meaningful for their generative effects on knowledge acquisition and on 21st century skills development. Nevertheless, the design of educational escape rooms is an essential process requiring a deep knowledge of both game design principles and learning design approaches. Moreover, teachers and educators willing to design and to experiment escape rooms with their students need to know how to connect these principles belonging to apparently distant fields and to balance them, to make these learning environments effective from an educational point of view and, at the same time, highly and intrinsically motivating. The aim of this contribution is to focus on the design related aspects of educational digital escape rooms, providing a pedagogical foundation and discussing implications for learning. A Design-Based Research (DBR) has been conducted, involving two cohorts of undergraduate students who attended the Game-based learning course in the last two academic years. The educational escape rooms designed by them in the two editions of the course, corresponding to two iterations of a DBR cycle, were compared to investigate if the progressive enhancement of the design approach has affected the quality of the realized educational escape rooms. From evaluation of DEERs designed by students a taxonomy was derived that, listing the main design characteristics for the development of DEERs, can be used as a tool that can guide educational designers in the development of effective DEERs, where game aspects are closely intertwined with the educational ones.

Out-of-the-Box Learning: Digital Escape Rooms as a Metaphor for Breaking Down Barriers in STEM Education

The traditional lecture-based model of teaching and learning has led to the exploration of innovative approaches including digital escape rooms. Digital escape rooms offer an immersive and engaging experience that promotes critical thinking, problem-solving, and teamwork, making them a unique opportunity to address the challenges of STEM education, which is often perceived as difficult, boring, and intimidating. In this study, the goal is to explore the application of digital escape rooms as an innovative practice in STEAM (science, technology, engineering, arts, and mathematics) education in Europe. More specifically, the study aims to evaluate the influence of digital escape rooms on student engagement and learning outcomes in mathematics education as well as to provide valuable insights into the efficacy of this approach as a means of teaching mathematics and fostering active and experiential learning in STEAM education. In order to investigate the potential of digital escape rooms as a metaphor for breaking down barriers and escaping from the ”box” in STEM education, this paper proposes a conceptual framework for understanding the pedagogical value of digital escape rooms in STEM education. It outlines the design process, including learning paths and scenarios, storyline, puzzles, challenges, and feedback mechanisms, and presents a concept of escape room design patterns. An example case study of a digital escape room designed to teach mathematics to university students is also presented, providing insights into the effectiveness of this approach. By using digital escape rooms as a metaphor for breaking down barriers in STEM education, a more inclusive, engaging, and impactful learning environment can be created to prepare students for the challenges and opportunities of the 21st century.

Management of eutocic delivery in a patient with COVID-19 in Lima, Peru / Management of eutocic delivery in a patient with COVID-19 in Lima, Peru / Atención de parto eutócico en gestante con COVID-19 en Lima - Perú

Resumen Se presenta un caso de atención de parto eutócico sin complicaciones en una paciente COVID-19 positivo. La mujer de 33 años, tercigesta de 39 semanas, controlada en una clínica privada, acudió en trabajo de parto presentando tos no asociada a otra sintomatología. Fue diagnosticada con COVID-19 por prueba rápida IgM (+) IgG (-). Se realizó el aislamiento y se proveyó de equipo de protección personal según protocolo de la clínica. El trabajo de parto fue manejado según condiciones obstétricas, con analgesia epidural en fase activa, y teniendo como resultado un recién nacido sin complicaciones. No se realizó contacto piel a piel ni clampaje tardío. Ambos fueron dados de alta sin complicaciones previo período de aislamiento del recién nacido con estudios negativos para COVID-19. Se les realizó seguimiento telefónico en casa. En el caso presentado, se cumplió con el protocolo recomendado para la atención del parto durante la pandemia de COVID-19.

Abstract We present the case of a eutocic, uncomplicated delivery in a patient positive for COVID-19. The patient, a 33-year-old woman, 39 weeks pregnant, who had received prenatal care in a private clinic, presented in labor, coughing, without any other symptoms. She was diagnosed with COVID-19 by rapid test, IgM (+) and IgG (-). We isolated the patient and provided personal protective equipment following our clinic's protocol. Delivery was managed according to obstetric conditions, applying epidural anesthesia in the active phase; the baby was born without complications. Nor skin-to-skin contact nor delayed umbilical cord clamping were performed. Mother and child were discharged without complications after the newborn completed the required isolation period, testing negative for COVID-19. Telephone follow-up was performed. The healthcare team followed the recommended protocol to manage delivery during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Promoting Green Buildings and Low-Carbon Design Strategies of Green B&B Rooms for Sustainable Tourism after COVID-19

COVID-19 opened a window of opportunity to change the green development of the hospitality industry. For many years, Chinese tourists have been the world's largest source of outbound tourists. Therefore, this study attempted to improve built-environment strategies for green rooms at B&Bs using the empirical statistics of Chinese tourists after the end of COVID-19 control measures and different green B&B standards, combining IPA (importance-performance analysis). For the lack of a green built-environment study from a tourism perspective, this study can be used mainly for improving the green satisfaction of urban B&Bs as it attempted to fill the gaps in research on green B&B rooms. This study will significantly help improve the quality of green rooms for the B&B industry in the future, and it also provides an improved green B&B room sample for other countries and regions. Moreover, it is an optimistic attempt at hospitality and tourism recovery. © 2023 by the authors.

Gadgets Made for Preventing the Spread of COVID-19 infection in a Small University

Development of gadgets, which are an easy input system in the health survey and a simple carbon dioxide (CO2) alarm, for preventing infection of COVID-19 in a university's campus is discussed. Cluster infection did not occur in the rooms where a gadget of them was installed, until summer of 2022. © 2023 Owner/Author.

Antibiotic consumption in secondary and tertiary hospitals in Colombia: national surveillance from 2018-2020.

Objective: To assess the compliance in secondary and tertiary level hospitals with monthly reporting of antibiotic consumption to the Colombian National Public Health Surveillance System (SIVIGILA-INS), and to describe reported antibiotic consumption during 2018-2020. Methods: This study involved a secondary analysis of antibiotic consumption data reported to SIVIGILA-INS. Frequency of hospital reporting was assessed and compared against expected reports, disaggregated by intensive care units (ICU)/non-ICU wards and geographical regions. Consumption was expressed as defined daily dose (DDD) per 100 occupied beds for seven antibiotics. Results: More than 70% of hospitals reported antibiotic consumption at least once in each of the three years (79% in ICU and 71% in non-ICU wards). Of these, ICU monthly reporting was complete (12 monthly reports per year) for 59% in the period 2018-2019 but only 4% in 2020. Non-ICU reporting was complete for 52% in 2019 and for 2% in 2020. Most regions had an overall decrease in reporting in 2020. Analysis of antibiotic consumption showed an increase for piperacillin/tazobactam, ertapenem, and cefepime from 2019 to 2020. Conclusions: There were gaps in the consistency and frequency of reporting. Efforts are needed to improve compliance with monthly reporting, which declined in 2020, possibly due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Non-compliance on reporting and data quality issues should be addressed with the hospitals to enable valid interpretation of antibiotic consumption trends.

Customer satisfaction and sale performance in New York State brewery tasting rooms

The US craft brewery industry has grown steadily in recent years before the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. The majority of small, independently owned craft breweries rely on tasting rooms for revenues and profits. Using data collected from a survey of tasting room visitors from 21 craft breweries in New York, this research investigates factors influencing visitors' customer satisfaction (CS) and the link between brewery tasting room CS and sales performance. The results show that brewery interior ambience, beer tasting execution, and friendliness and knowledge of servers are the main factors influencing CS in tasting rooms. Furthermore, results suggest that higher CS levels increase visitors' purchase likelihood and beer purchase amounts (by volume and value). These findings indicate that breweries should focus on such factors as strengthening staff training, enhancing tasting room ambience, and improving beer tasting execution that have the highest positive influence on CS to increase sales. This study has implications for the rapidly growing craft brewery industry in the USA. © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Northeastern Agricultural and Resource Economics Association.

Ultrasonic Sterilization

Sterilization of hospitals is one of the major concerns when it comes to hygiene and cleanliness especially during a pandemic situation. The existing methodologies include ultraviolet disinfection or hydrochloride spraying for sterilizing hospital rooms and chemical treatment for surgical and medical equipment. However since COVID strains are developing at a rapid rate, it is necessary for more efficacy and accuracy in sterilization. According to the August 2021 census collected by NCBI, 87 percent of virus transmission is only because of improper sterilization. The following paper proposes efficient and proven ultrasonic sterilization methods that can be preferred to ultraviolet and chemical sterilization in sterilizing not only hospital rooms but also any crowded regions like malls and schools. The Cremant's formula helps in determining the appropriate and effective sterilization ultrasonic frequency level. Using machine learning algorithms, the approximate location, and the number of droplets per second present in the room will be calculated and treated with ultrasonic waves. This demonstration is proved using micro silicon balls which are similar in properties of COVID - 19 viruses. Simulation results are displayed to show the working of the same. © 2022 IEEE.

A Lean Approach for Reducing Downtimes in Healthcare: A Case Study

Lean Management is considered one of the most successful management paradigms for enhancing operational performance in the manufacturing environment. However, it has been applied throughout the years to several sectors and organisational areas, such as service, healthcare, and office departments. After the Covid-19 outbreak, increasing attention has been given to potential performance improvements in healthcare organisations by leveraging Lean. This paper intends to add further knowledge to this field by presenting a case study in a hospital. In this paper, a pilot project is presented carried out in a healthcare organisation. Lean methods were used to improve the operating room performance, particularly by reducing the operating room changeover time. The A3 template was used to drive the project and implement a new procedure using the Single Minute Exchange of Die (SMED) method. With the implementation of the new procedure, the changeover time between two different surgeries in the operating room was significantly reduced, together with a more stable and reliable process. © 2023, IFIP International Federation for Information Processing.

Impact of Face-to-Face Interactions and Digital Learning Platforms on Learning Motivation, Learning Achievements and Peer Interaction in After-School Activities

[LANGUAGE=”English”] With modern technological advancements, the rise of digital learning has helped teachers and students in many ways;for example, learning is becoming increasingly learner centric. In recent years, learning has been compromised because of school suspensions due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Digital learning has helped to reduce the negative impacts on students' learning, and most students have shown a positive attitude toward digital learning. A learning management system provides a platform for learners to learn and interact with teachers or peers without time and space constraints. Moodle is one of the most popular and widely-used learning management systems. It is open source, offers different functional modules, and is available free of charge. However, according to recent literature, Moodle has several disadvantages. First, the topics discussed by students in the Moodle platform are not focused enough and not easy to be discussed in depth. Second, the interaction is not immediate because of a lack of instant notifications. Third, the interface is not user friendly and is thus difficult to operate. These drawbacks can hinder students' learning. Office 365 is another digital system that assists students' learning. Various functions of Office 365, such as Teams's real-time notifications and OneNote's recording function, complement Moodle. This study investigated the effects of after-school activities conducted through different media on students' motivation, learning achievement, and peer interaction.In present study, after-school activities were conducted face-to-face or via two learning platforms, Moodle and Office 365;the learning platform was considered the independent variables. In total, 143 middle school students were recruited as participants for an after-school activity and distributed into the face-to-face, Moodle, or Office 365 group. The quantitative data of three scales concerning with learning motivation, learning achievement and peer interaction were collected to represent their learning performance. Qualitative data were collected through textual analysis based on student responses to open-ended questions. The quantitative and qualitative data were then statistically analyzed with SPSS Statistics 23.The results of the quantitative analysis revealed the following results: (1) No significant difference was observed in learning motivation among the different groups. The reasons for the result may be that students were not familiar with learning management systems, the interface and function of the learning systems were complex, or student motivation to learn English was low. (2) The learning achievement of the face-to-face group was significantly higher than that of the Office 365 group. Office 365 has many functions, but it also increases the cognitive load on students. Additionally, middle school students in Taiwan are inexperienced with using learning management systems because of the lack of opportunities to do so. Furthermore, the focus of this research was not the formal school curriculum but after-school activities;therefore, gauging learning effectiveness was challenging. Finally, students are more familiar with face-to-face discussions, and this comfort increases the effectiveness of this mode of learning. (3) Students in the Office 365 group had a higher tendency to interact with peers than those in the face-to-face group. Interacting through Office 365 (as it provides voice and text input for discussions) removes the stress of public speaking, such as that experienced in face-to-face classes, thus increasing participation. However, the peer interaction in the Office 365 group was not significantly higher than that in the Moodle group because the students using Office 365 mainly used text input, which decreased the efficiency of their discussion. (4) Some groups of students using the learning management system (no matter Moodle group or Office 365 group) posted the answers to assignments in the chat room even before much group discussion, or they divided th work among themselves, and not discussing the assignment at all. The students seemed to be unfamiliar with the way in which group discussions are conducted through digital learning platforms. This inexperience was reflected in their lack of teamwork. (5) The ratio of discussions students posted on the Moodle platform (Moodle group) was positively correlated with their learning achievement and interaction with peers. The ratio of discussions students posted on the Office 365 platform (Office 365 group) was positively correlated with their learning achievement and learning motivation.The results have several implications. First, teachers should consider the most appropriate form of discussion for middle school students when planning group discussion activities during and after lessons. Second, although middle school students are better at learning through face-to-face discussion, the demand for distance learning and the use of digital platforms are increasing. Teachers should encourage the use of digital platforms by planning more exercises to implement through these platforms, thus improving students' learning performance as well as their efficiency in using these platforms. Third, the students in the Office 365 group had a higher tendency to interact with peers than did those in the face-to-face group. Thus, teacher may use Office 365 initially to make students willing to use digital platforms and for them to get familiar with its usage. Once students are comfortable using the platform, teachers can shift the focus to enhancing the effectiveness of learning. Fourth, when students are engaged in group discussions in after-school activities, only a limited number of students may participate, or students may directly provide answers without discussing them with their peers. Providing students with instructions and training on conducting group discussions may help them make more effective use of learning management systems. Finally, regarding the design of learning management systems, the registration and login procedures should be simplified, and the platform interface and operating functions should be more effectively integrated to make them user friendly. Doing so may enable novices to start and consistently use these systems more easily and reduce the time required by users to familiarize themselves with such systems.[LANGUAGE=”Chinese”] 本研究目的在比較以面對面、Moodle、Office 365進行課後活動，對學生英文的學習動機、學習成效與同儕互動之影響。以課後活動形式為自變項，分成面對面組、Moodle組、Office 365組，分別以三種不同方式進行英文課程之課後活動，如課後分組討論、課後作業等，並探討其在不同層面之差異。本研究採量化為主、質化為輔的分析方式，以六班143位國中三年級學生為研究對象進行實驗，每種課後活動形式各兩個班級參與。研究結果顯示：一、不同課後活動形式對學習動機無顯著差異；二、面對面組之學習成效顯著優於Office 365組；三、Office 365組之同儕互動有高於面對面組之傾向；四、針對討論歷程分析發現，透過Moodle、Office 365之學習平台進行討論，會出現特定組員直接貼出解答、各組員直接任務分工等未進行小組討論之情況發生；五、對Moodle組而言，各組員之發言比例與學習成效、同儕互動為正相關；對Office 365組而言，各組員之發言比例與學習成效、學習動機為正相關。Alternate abstract:”English”] With modern technological advancements, the rise of digital learning has helped teachers and students in many ways;for example, learning is becoming increasingly learner centric. In recent years, learning has been compromised because of school suspensions due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Digital learning has helped to reduce the negative impacts on students' learning, and most students have shown a positive attitude toward digital learning. A learning management system provides a platform for learners to learn a d interact with teachers or peers without time and space constraints. Moodle is one of the most popular and widely-used learning management systems. It is open source, offers different functional modules, and is available free of charge. However, according to recent literature, Moodle has several disadvantages. First, the topics discussed by students in the Moodle platform are not focused enough and not easy to be discussed in depth. Second, the interaction is not immediate because of a lack of instant notifications. Third, the interface is not user friendly and is thus difficult to operate. These drawbacks can hinder students' learning. Office 365 is another digital system that assists students' learning. Various functions of Office 365, such as Teams's real-time notifications and OneNote's recording function, complement Moodle. This study investigated the effects of after-school activities conducted through different media on students' motivation, learning achievement, and peer interaction.In present study, after-school activities were conducted face-to-face or via two learning platforms, Moodle and Office 365;the learning platform was considered the independent variables. In total, 143 middle school students were recruited as participants for an after-school activity and distributed into the face-to-face, Moodle, or Office 365 group. The quantitative data of three scales concerning with learning motivation, learning achievement and peer interaction were collected to represent their learning performance. Qualitative data were collected through textual analysis based on student responses to open-ended questions. The quantitative and qualitative data were then statistically analyzed with SPSS Statistics 23.The results of the quantitative analysis revealed the following results:(1) No significant difference was observed in learning motivation among the different groups. The reasons for the result may be that students were not familiar with learning management systems, the interface and function of the learning systems were complex, or student motivation to learn English was low. (2) The learning achievement of the face-to-face group was significantly higher than that of the Office 365 group. Office 365 has many functions, but it also increases the cognitive load on students. Additionally, middle school students in Taiwan are inexperienced with using learning management systems because of the lack of opportunities to do so. Furthermore, the focus of this research was not the formal school curriculum but after-school activities;therefore, gauging learning effectiveness was challenging. Finally, students are more familiar with face-to-face discussions, and this comfort increases the effectiveness of this mode of learning. (3) Students in the Office 365 group had a higher tendency to interact with peers than those in the face-to-face group. Interacting through Office 365 (as it provides voice and text input for discussions) removes the stress of public speaking, such as that experienced in face-to-face classes, thus increasing participation. However, the peer interaction in the Office 365 group was not significantly higher than that in the Moodle group because the students using Office 365 mainly used text input, which decreased the efficiency of their discussion. (4) Some groups of students using the learning management system (no matter Moodle group or Office 365 group) posted the answers to assignments in the chat room even before much group discussion, or they divided the work among themselves, and not discussing the assignment at all. The students seemed to be unfamiliar with the way in which group discussions are conducted through digital learning platforms. This inexperience was reflected in their lack of teamwork. (5) The ratio of discussions students posted on the Moodle platform (Moodle group) was positively correlated with their learning achievement and interaction with peers. The ratio of discussions students posted on the Office 365 platform (Office 365 group) was positively correlated with their lea ning achievement and learning motivation.The results have several implications. First, teachers should consider the most appropriate form of discussion for middle school students when planning group discussion activities during and after lessons. Second, although middle school students are better at learning through face-to-face discussion, the demand for distance learning and the use of digital platforms are increasing. Teachers should encourage the use of digital platforms by planning more exercises to implement through these platforms, thus improving students' learning performance as well as their efficiency in using these platforms. Third, the students in the Office 365 group had a higher tendency to interact with peers than did those in the face-to-face group. Thus, teacher may use Office 365 initially to make students willing to use digital platforms and for them to get familiar with its usage. Once students are comfortable using the platform, teachers can shift the focus to enhancing the effectiveness of learning. Fourth, when students are engaged in group discussions in after-school activities, only a limited number of students may participate, or students may directly provide answers without discussing them with their peers. Providing students with instructions and training on conducting group discussions may help them make more effective use of learning management systems. Finally, regarding the design of learning management systems, the registration and login procedures should be simplified, and the platform interface and operating functions should be more effectively integrated to make them user friendly. Doing so may enable novices to start and consistently use these systems more easily and reduce the time required by users to familiarize themselves with such systems.Alternate abstract:”Chinese”] 本研究目的在比較以面對面、Moodle、Office 365進行課後活動，對學生英文的學習動機、學習成效與同儕互動之影響。以課後活動形式為自變項，分成面對面組、Moodle組、Office 365組，分別以三種不同方式進行英文課程之課後活動，如課後分組討論、課後作業等，並探討其在不同層面之差異。本研究採量化為主、質化為輔的分析方式，以六班143位國中三年級學生為研究對象進行實驗，每種課後活動形式各兩個班級參與。研究結果顯示：一、不同課後活動形式對學習動機無顯著差異；二、面對面組之學習成效顯著優於Office 365組；三、Office 365組之同儕互動有高於面對面組之傾向；四、針對討論歷程分析發現，透過Moodle、Office 365之學習平台進行討論，會出現特定組員直接貼出解答、各組員直接任務分工等未進行小組討論之情況發生；五、對Moodle組而言，各組員之發言比例與學習成效、同儕互動為正相關；對Office 365組而言，各組員之發言比例與學習成效、學習動機為正相關。